Fast triage. Confirmatory analysis when it counts.

XRF is fast non-destructive screening, in seconds, on the surface. ICP-MS detects in ppb, requires prepared and digested samples. ICP-OES is similar but works in ppm. Fire assay is the destructive reference technique for mineral matrices. Each one fits a scenario; using all of them for everything is expensive and wasteful.

No. XRF is technical screening — it does not replace destructive confirmatory assay. For commercial decisions sensitive to exact grade, or for operations with a refiner/buyer requiring a certified report, we always coordinate analysis at a qualified partner laboratory.

When the lot is large and exact grade significantly changes price; when the matrix is non-ceramic or requires volumetric sampling (powder, cake, sludge); when there is suspicion of internal mixing in the lot; or when the buyer requires a certified report.

No. We coordinate with qualified partner laboratories — selected by matrix (catalytic, mineral, pharmaceutical). Documented chain of custody from collection to report.

For homogeneous lot: representative aliquot with simple protocol. For large or heterogeneous lot: sub-samples at multiple points, mixed, quartered, final aliquot. Documented with photos, weight and location. Sealed to the laboratory.

No. Proper preparation (grinding, homogenisation, drying) is part of the assay coordination and is done according to the technique protocol. If you prepared by yourself, flag it — it can change the read.

Depends on matrix, number of elements, number of replicates and laboratory. We quote before commissioning. For some lots the cost is absorbed in the commercial operation; for others, the generator covers it.